How Individuals Appraise Their Own Physical Attractiveness Essay

How Individuals Appraise Their Own Physical Attractiveness - Essay Example The current research was motivated by a desire to better understand how people make judgments about their own attractiveness and how such self-appraisals may systematically vary as a function of the context of time. In Study 1, individuals rated their past self as physically less attractive than their current self. This study is informative in demonstrating that judgments of self-perceived attractiveness vary as a function of temporal perspective. In Study 2, individuals rated their future self as more attractive than their current self. This study is informative in serving as an initial demonstration of how temporal biasing influences future self-appraisals of attractiveness. Furthermore, in both studies, temporal biasing of attractiveness was moderated by an individual difference variable–attribute importance (Study 1) and social comparison orientation. The results of Study 1 are consistent with the view espoused by Mac Davis — participants perceived themselves as mor e attractive now than in the past. Moreover, this pattern was found among only those individuals for whom physical attractiveness was important to their self-concept. Thus, taken together, the results supported the hypotheses. With these results in hand, a second study investigated whether people perceive their future self to be more attractive than their current self. The overall results of Study 2 are consistent with predictions: Respondents rated their future self as more attractive than their current self.

Comaprison Theorist Essay Example for Free

Comaprison Theorist Essay Sigmund Freud’s approach to personality would be and still is a debate within our society today. Researchers and psychologist are still observing his approach and there are still unanswered questions. One approach Freud did not use was how our society and culture would effect the person we all would become. The one thing that most Neo-Freudian’s agreed on was that early childhood experiences would have an effect on your personality development. Freud laid the path for psychologist and many would take what they learned from him and go in their own direction. Alfred Adler was one Neo-Freudian that disagreed with Freud. Their disagreement was not only professional it became personal. Adler approach was called the individual psychology. He helped us understand personality with striving for superiority, how our parents were an influence on our personalities as children and the effect of our birth order. Adler like Freud believed that your earlier years were important when it came to shaping your personality when you became and adult. One thing Adler believed is that the parent’s role would affect the child. The first thing parents should not do is give the child too much attention. By stating this Adler meant pampering. He believed that pampering would take away children’s independence. They become more dependent on people, and they don’t learn how to make their own decisions. He believed that they should be able to make mistakes and make their own decisions, because this would be good for them and they would learn to be more dependent. Another mistake  parents make stated Adler was they would not give children enough attention, which would lead to neglect. If children don’t receive enough attention they would grow up to be distant, and would not know how to be intimate or carry on a relationship. Adler was the first psychologist to mention that the order in which you were born would shape your personality. Comparison of Theorists3 Carl Jung also would leave Freud and Freud would feel betrayed by that. He took him leaving personal as well. Jung was curious with religious concepts. He would take Freud’s idea of unconscious and put his own twist to it. We as people would inherit our physical characteristics, but Jung believed we inherited unconscious psychic characterics as well. After Jung left Freud he would travel around the world and study other cultures and this is were he would base his theory on. He relied a lot on ancient mythology and Eastern religion. Jung believed that the collective unconscious is made up by something called the primordial images. These images would help people respond to our society in a different way, there called archetypes. Basically Jung would describe the collective unconscious as the concept of instincts. He also believed that every man had a feminine side and female had a masculine side. He had three archetypes that he spoke on the anima which is the feminine side of the male, and the animus is the masculine side of female. Stating this, Jung was the first psychologist to point out people would have both male and female characteristics within themselves. Another archetype he had was called the shadow. The shadow was known as the dark side that people would possess. It does not actually mean that people are evil. The main thing that Jung is known for was his focus on introversive and extroversive types. An introvert was someone who focused more inwardly, this person was not the social type and focused more on themselves. An extravert focus just the opposite their focus was outward. Jung, like Freud would stay on the topic of human behavior. Karen Horney was a female psychologist who disagreed with how Freud viewed women. Freud stated that men and women were born with different personalities. (pg 111 n.d.). Horney would disagree with that, she thought  that our social and culture played a bigger role in our  Comparison of Theorists4  personality then biology. She studied a term called neurosis, which means neurotic. Horney’s definition of neurotic is that people are trapped in a self-defeating interpersonal style. The way people interact with others prevents them from developing the social contact they unconsciously crave. (pg 112 n.d.). This will lead to a defense mechanism to help with their feeling of anxiety. Freud would say neurosis was an unconscious battle between various aspects of personality. Horney would state that it would start off in your childhood. Horney had three styles neurotics would use to avoid anxiety experiences. They were called â€Å"moving away from people†, â€Å"moving toward people†, â€Å"moving against people.† Moving away from people, this is when children would learn to just tune people out. When in a hostile environment or situation, instead of engaging with the others they would just tune the person out. Basically ignore the situation. As adults they become sheltered. They would find jobs with little interactions and they would reframe from being in a relationship or intimate. These people would become emotionless and if attached to someone or something the feeling of emptiness while a child would all return. Moving toward people, these people become very dependent on others. They yearn for affection and strive to get accepted by their parents. This yearning would temporally relive them for any anxiety they are having, but in later years they would rely on this. As adults they would have more then usual need for love and affection. They don’t want to be lonely, and believe that any relationship they are in is a relationship. They are demanding affection and don’t know how to love, they are more clingy. Moving against people, these people would rather fight. They have the urge to have power while pushing around children. These individuals believe that being aggressive and mean you can get what you can in that form. You basically take control of the matter before anyone else does. One thing that Horney debated about was Freud theory on  Comparison of Theorists5  women. Freud stated women had â€Å"penis envy†, which is the desire that every girls as to be a boy†(pg 114 n.d.). Horney disagreed and stated that men envy us women and the ability we have to bear and nurse children, this was called the â€Å"womb envy†. Horney was not stating that men were not pleased with themselves but simply stating that we all have qualities that each other admirer. Horney did point out when Freud was making his theory on woman that he was living in a time where woman were treated the way they should have been, he was living in a era where the culture would have helped his influence on the decisions he made for women. Erick Erikson would use some of Freud ideas in his theory; he would add some of his own ideas. Freud believed that the ego was between id impulses and superego demand; however Erikson believed that the ego played a bigger part. Erikson believed that the ego played a powerful, independent part of personality. (pg 106 n.d.). It would help with your identity, and your need to over come the environment. Your ego is to help you get your sense of identity. The term identity crisis comes from Erikson. You would usually find this in adolescents; they seem to not know which way they are going in life. Freud ended his personality development around six years of age, as for Erikson he said it would continue throughout a person’s life. By saying this he gave us eight stages that start from when you are a baby until you’re at an old age. The first stage is basic trust versus mistrust this stage is during infancy years, newborns have no choice but to rely on everyone around them. Autonomy versus shame and doubt is during the toddler’s years, when children want to feel powerful and independent. At the toddler stage Adler stated parents should not pamper, as for Erikson he stated they should not be overprotective at this stage. Initiative versus guilty is early childhood, children learn how to organize and they will learn to set goals and kick down and challenges that come their way. Industry versus. Comparison of Theorists6  inferiority is elementary school age years, this when children soon find out  there is more competition out their in the world. Identity versus role confusion is adolescence years, when teenagers find out who they are and what they want in life. Intimacy versus isolation is young adulthood years, when you seek for the relationship you have always longed for. Generatively versus stagnation is adulthood years, when you want to guide the next generation because you feel as though you have not done everything you want in your life. Ego integrity versus despair is old age years, when you look at your past life and smile you know you have that sense of integrity, but if you don’t you know at this time, it’s too late because time is short now. These four Neo-Freudians have their own approach on personality psychology. When reading all of their perspectives, I would agree to disagree with most. I agreed with Erikson’s approach with the eight stages, Horney was believable because I am a woman and I could relate to where she was coming with her feminine psychology approach. Jung was the more vibrant one and he dug deep into different cultures, and I disagreed with Adler’s approach with the birth order, but would agree with his perspective on how parents pampered and neglected their children. So like there are still debates and intellectual conversations about personality psychology, I would have to debate as well, because there are so many different approaches you can lean towards when it comes to this topic. Comparison of Theorists7 References Burger, J. (2010). Personality. CengageLearning. Eighth edition

Antonio Vivaldis Biography :: essays research papers

Antonio Vivaldi was born in Venice on March 4th, 1678. Though ordained a priest in 1703, according to his own account, within a year of being ordained Vivaldi no longer wished to celebrate mass because of physical complaints ("tightness of the chest") which pointed to angina pectoris, asthmatic bronchitis, or a nervous disorder. It is also possible that Vivaldi was simulating illness - there is a story that he sometimes left the altar in order to quickly jot down a musical idea in the sacristy.... In any event he had become a priest against his own will, perhaps because in his day training for the priesthood was often the only possible way for a poor family to obtain free schooling. Though he wrote many fine and memorable concertos, such as the Four Seasons and the Opus 3 for example, he also wrote many works which sound like five-finger exercises for students. And this is precisely what they were. Vivaldi was employed for most of his working life by the Ospedale della Pietà  . Often termed an "orphanage", this Ospedale was in fact a home for the female offspring of noblemen and their numerous dalliances with their mistresses. The Ospedale was thus well endowed by the "anonymous" fathers; its furnishings bordered on the opulent, the young ladies were well looked-after, and the musical standards among the highest in Venice. Many of Vivaldi's concerti were indeed exercises which he would play with his many talented pupils. Vivaldi's relationship with the Ospedale began right after his ordination in 1703, when he was named as violin teacher there. Until 1709, Vivaldi's appointment was renewed every year and again after 1711. Between 1709 and 1711 Vivaldi was not attached to the Ospedale. Perhaps in this period he was already working for the Teatro Sant' Angelo, an opera theater. He also remained active as a composer - in 1711 twelve concertos he had written were published in Amsterdam by the music publisher Estienne Roger under the title l'Estro armonico (Harmonic Inspiration). In 1713, Vivaldi was given a month's leave from the Ospedale della Pietà   in order to stage his first opera, Ottone in villa, in Vicenza. In the 1713-4 season he was once again attached to the Teatro Sant' Angelo, where he produced an opera by the composer Giovanni Alberto Rostori (1692-1753). As far as his theatrical activities were concerned, the end of 1716 was a high point for Vivaldi.

Levi Strauss Human Resource Management Essay

Levi Strauss & Company offers a dynamic, performance-driven work environment and a corporate culture characterized by ethical conduct and a commitment to social responsibility. They value and depend upon the diverse backgrounds, experience, knowledge and talents of all their employees, and embrace and reflect the ethnic, cultural and lifestyle diversity of the communities where they live and work. Their human resource programs and corporate initiatives distinguish them from others in their industry and in business. According to its mission statement, Levi Strauss balances profitability with product quality and service. The company focuses strategically on satisfying the customers’ needs from the stage of product design to its packaging and delivery. To accomplish this aim, large investments are being made in the latest technology, and the company is concentrating its efforts on clustering manufacturing and distribution units on a regional basis. This strategy has led to some rationalization of operations within the last few years, particularly in the United States. The HR role is vital to Levi’s commitment to customer satisfaction. â€Å"Management understands,† said the senior vice-president in 1992, â€Å"that people issues are business issues. You can go out and buy the technology, but if you don’t have the people trained and committed to using it, and making changes, changes aren’t going to happen.† At Levi Strauss in the 1990s, the HR focus has changed from being on the cutting edge to being more client-driven. For this purpose, the HR function is relatively decentralized and conceptually divided along strategic, operational, and tactical lines. In practice, those segments of responsibility interact and overlap so that the business partners may become fully integrated at all levels of the organization. The challenge is to balance all these requirements and determine what the priorities are. Although the HR function was reorganized in 1993, questions remain as to whether some of the functions could be outsourced – not to downsize in staff but to allow them to do different work. Contrary to what has happened in HR departments in other companies, most reorganization has not led to downsizing of the HR personnel but to an actual increase in staff. The HR specialists are primarily strategically focused to the long term. They are developing the strategies around compensation and benefits, recruitment, policy development, organizational design, and training. While most of their time is occupied by strategic thinking, a small portion of their work is also operational and tactical, in the sense that they provide counsel and advice to other directors and managers. In Canada, for instance, each of the five facilities –three sewing operations, a finishing plant, and a distribution center — has an HR manager on staff. A small team of three to five individuals serves as advisor to the HR manager. Members may have specific expertise and responsibilities and some of their responsibilities may also be tactical. In each of those facilities, there is probably lots of work which falls into the tactical aspect of HR, where it could be outsourced, whether it is benefits administration, new-hire orientation, etc. In addition, the personnel responsible for health and safety, management of change, or organizational development are also reporting to the HR function. The on-site HR staff ultimately reports to the facility manager, who has a dotted line of communication with the Canadian HR director. This line of accountability to the HR central office appears to be taking greater importance. The role of the HR director is to strategically orient the HR function so that it is aligned with the business. There is a dual responsibility to direct the work of the strategic and operational staff, while keeping current and influencing best practices within the industry. The responsibility is directing the HR organization on all the different dimensions, including recruitment, terminations, skill development, compensation, benefits, organizational development, and employee well-being. In addition, the director is a member of the management team, which allows the HR representative to be a partner in running the business.

Nicholas I

Tsar (Czar) was one of the many autocratic leaders that ruled Russia. He was part of an autocratic monarch. Which had officially made him a sole ruler and a sort of king. He would persuade people by saying to them that he had a Divine Right we meant that God made him the ruler. Uneducated people often believed that if they were poor or wealthy it was God that had chosen their lives. In 1825 Nicholas I had a revolt with a group of revolutionaries called the Dismembers, they were the people that wanted a constitution, which then meant that he Tsar had to obey rules.The Tsar being an autocrat hated this idea, he then revolted and crushed that revolt. The Tsar was proclaimed the â€Å"Gendarme of Europe†. The only theory that Nicholas had of a government was Nationality, Autocracy, and orthodoxy [religion]. Any discussion and belief on politics against Nicholas was banned, but some aristocrats met In secret to discuss about politics and If they were discovered they were either han ged or sent to Siberia. During all of that In 1848 Western Europe the industrial revolution had started, this had brought technology, and new weapons.In 1854 Nicholas I believed that Russia was one of the greatest countries in Europe, he then decided to invade Turkey since they were connected to the black sea and so they had an interesting port for trading. Also the Turkish Empire was in a decrease in power so it would be easy to win. The other countries such as France and Britain did not co-operate very well for this idea so they fought on the Turkish side. Knowing that France and Britain ere in there industrial revolution they had better warfare. At the end of the Crimean War Russia had lost. In 1855 Nicholas I died of Pneumonia.

Part-Time Job Can Strengthen Your College Application

Part-Time Job Can Strengthen Your College Application When you need to work after school and on weekends, it can be impossible to be involved in many extracurricular activities. Being part of a sports team, marching band, or theater cast simply wont be options for you. The reality for many students is that earning money to support their family or save for college is far more necessary than joining chess club or the swim team. But how does holding a job affect your college applications? After all, selective colleges with holistic admissions are looking for students who have meaningful extracurricular involvement. Thus, students who have to work would seem to be at a significant disadvantage in the college admissions process. The good news is that colleges recognize the importance of having a job. Moreover, they value the personal growth that comes along with work experience. Learn more below. Why Colleges Like Students With Work Experience It can be tempting to wonder how someone who works 15 hours a week at the local department store can measure up to someone who stars on the varsity soccer team or took a leading role in the schools annual theater production. Colleges do, of course, want to enroll athletes, actors, and musicians. But they also want to enroll students who have been good employees. The admissions staff wants to admit a group of students with diverse interests and backgrounds, and work experience is one piece of that equation. Even if your work isnt in any way academic or intellectually challenging, it has a lot of value. Heres why your job looks good on your college application: High school students who successfully hold down a job for a significant period of time have proven that they can manage their time effectively. Its not easy to do well in school while devoting significant hours to work, and effective time management is one of the most important skills that will lead to college success.Students who have jobs have learned to work as part of a team. You cant be selfish as an employee, for success depends upon working well with your colleagues. These collaborative skills translate directly to college success: youll be well prepared to negotiate issues with your roommate, work on group projects, and recognize how your own actions impact others.If youre working to save money for college, youll be highly invested (literally) in your college education. The fact that your hard-earned dollars are going towards your education tells the admissions folks that you are fully committed to your education. College isnt a gift that has been handed to you; rather, it is something that you have worked hard to make happen. That kind of commitment has real value for the college in terms of retention rates, graduation rates, and overall student success. Even a miserable job flipping burgers or washing dishes has value on your application. Youve learned to be responsible, to serve others before yourself, and to make sacrifices to meet your long-term goals. Work experience and maturity tend to go hand-in-hand.Finally, you have a perspective that many college applicants lack. You have experienced first-hand the type of work that millions of people do without a college degree. So unless you were lucky enough to get an intellectually challenging job as a high school student, youll have additional motivation to succeed in college and move on to work that is more personally satisfying. Are Some Jobs Better than Others for College Admissions? Any job - including those at Burger King and the local grocery store - are a plus on your college application. As outlined above, your work experience says a lot about your discipline and potential for college success. That said, some work experiences come with additional benefits. Consider the following: Jobs that provide leadership experience. Colleges want to enroll future leaders, and your job can help show your potential on this front. It often isnt possible for a part-time 18-year-old to be a manager, but some jobs such as being a lifeguard, camp counselor, or academic tutor are leadership positions by definition. In other types of jobs, you might be able to ask your supervisor for leadership opportunities. For example, you might be able to help train new employees or help the company with outreach in the community.Jobs that show  your entrepreneurial ability. Its also impressive if youre entrepreneurial and started your own small business whether making jewelry or mowing lawns. Entrepreneurs tend to be creative and self-motivated, qualities that make for excellent college students.Jobs that provide field-specific experience.  If you have a strong sense of what you want to study - whether it be medicine, business, chemistry, art, English, or any other major - work experien ce in that field will play well with the admissions folks. As an example, a lot of students want to go into medicine because of the attractive salary, not because of any love of the sciences or the profession. An applicant who has actually worked in a hospital and gained first-hand experience will be a much more informed and compelling applicant. Similarly, a future computer science major who has worked in tech support will be able to craft a  well-informed and convincing application. Internships. As a high school student with a thin resumà © and no relevant work experience, you may find it impossible to get a job in your area of study. An internship, however, may be a an option. Many internships are unpaid, but they are nevertheless valuable. Those hours you spend working at a publishing house, law firm, or chemistry lab can open doors to future opportunities, and they give you first-hand knowledge of an academic field (something that most college applicants wont have). If unpaid work isnt an option for you, try a compromise: 10 hours a week in a paid job and 5 hours a week as an intern. Is It Okay to Have No Extracurricular Activities? If youre filling out the Common Application, the good news is that work (paid) and internship are both categories listed under activities. Thus, working a job means your extracurricular activity section on the application wont be blank. For other schools, however, you may find that extracurricular activities and work experiences are entirely separate sections of the application. The reality is that even if you have a job, you probably also have extracurricular activities. If you think about the wide range of activities that count as extracurricular, youll probably discover that you have several items you can list in that section of the application. Its also important to realize that your inability to participate in after-school activities doesnt preclude you from extracurricular involvement. Many activities - band, student government, National Honor Society - take place largely during the school day. Others, such as involvement at church or summer volunteer work, can often be scheduled around work commitments. A Final Word About Work and College Applications Holding a job doesnt have to weaken your college application. In fact, you can leverage your work experience to strengthen your application. Experiences at work can provide excellent material for your college application essay, and if youve maintained a strong academic record, colleges will be impressed by the discipline required to balance work and school. You should still try to have other extracurricular activities, but there is nothing wrong with using your job to demonstrate that you are a well-rounded, mature, and responsible applicant.

Free sample - Usage of Internet and Email. translation missing

Usage of Internet and Email. Usage of Internet and EmailNowadays it is very difficult to imagine modern world without computer technologies and using of computer programs as practically every sphere of our life is connected with them. Computers and Internet constitute rather big part of business life, as it is very difficult to control work without computers and Internet (Soong, 2010, p. 15).   It is understood that with the appearance and development of Internet, it became one of the most effective methods of influence, controlling and sharing information. Internet and everything that is connected with cyber industry affect people greatly. Such democratization of Internet and IT technologies means people are able to share their points of view and visions of certain problems despite their geographical location (Hatchen, 2000, p. 34). People can share messages by means of internet with the high speeds because they are shared by means social networks. It means that everyone is struggling for attention and place in a media environment. This environment now is cramped with information. Needless to say, that modern society is very dependent upon Internet and popular networks that became inevitable part of life of every user.   Every day life is hard to imagine without Internet and IT technologies. With their help, it is easier to tell the public about technological improvements and events from social and political spheres.   Whatever the reason or interest is, any person has the opportunity to transmit a message through the Internet and this massage can be potentially heard by thousand of people all over the world. This means of taking information is very hard to substitute. I am a current employee of the company dealing with the development and delivery of the trade equipment. In our company, the use of Internet and corporate email has become an inevitable part of the working process. The use of e-mails as a means of sharing information and communication becomes very popular in any company or organization, as this is a very simple process requiring minimum time and strengths. This means of communication and sharing the data and information is very popular and widely spread from the point of view convenience and time-consumption. The development of Internet and its implementation made the process of communication easier and faster. It gained great popularity among the employees, as Internet allows being aware of the information necessary for the production process and communication. As usual, every company is provided with the personal server that is able to serve the consumers of the company, where every employee is provided with the personal corporate e-mail address in order to communicate and share messages within the company (Kirshenbaum, 2009, p. 23). As a rule, the content of the shared information and emails is strictly controlled by the management of the or ganization in order to prevent frauds, viruses and leakage of personal and corporate information. In this case, the companies make use of the privacy policy. One of the main aims of such policy is to prevent computers from the illegal access, use of information by the third persons and fraud and viruses invasions. In my company, this kind of policy is provided by means of computers’ protection from outside users. The IT managers entitled to use the personal information of the employees to protect it from illegal utilization. It is one of the most popular and reliable measures, as not every employee can distinguish potential danger and see that the E-mail box, containing his or her personal information, stored in his computer was broken and used. There are a lot of measures the companies should take to protect and guard their networks. A good safety plan outlining essential safety measures is required for quick reply and disaster revival. Auditing, tracking and constant monito ring of the network should be conducted to distinguish leaks and intrusions. Moreover, different kinds of firewalls and other appliances of software and hardware can become helpful for discouraging network intruders. A great number of companies use some regulations and laws that are developed to protect personal information of the employees stored in their computers. This is the email privacy used by very company on the legal basis. Email privacy was elaborated by the US government and is derived from the Fourth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution. This policy is governed by the standard of reasonable expectation of privacy. According t this policy, the managerial of every American company is able to control e-mail and Internet use of the employees during their working hours. Moreover, the regulations of the privacy policy presupposes constant monitoring of email boxes and websites visited by he employees within working day. Most employers make their employees sign a computer and network use policy that usually sets forth that their email should be to be used merely for business purposes and entitles the employer to monitor usage of email and computer.   This agreement usually deprives an employ ee of any rational expectation of privacy, and means that the emails of the employees are fair game for the employer to seek through.   Employers, disparate from law enforcement, do not have many obstacles averting them from checking the emails of the employers. It is only a matter of business as the employees should take into account the fact that theory can cause difficulties to their business, that is why, the main aim of the agreement of privacy policy is to protect the company, but not to adversely modify the rights of the employees (Levmore and Nussbaum, 2010, p. 45). Privacy policy measures are forwarded to protect company from illegal usage and leakage of business information through the emails of its employees. Every company should control usage of Internet usage and content of email messaging. It is regulated by the current legislation and every employee should stick to the laws of privacy policy. The employees realize that the privacy policy is very significant for the both, them and their company. It is an inevitable part of the policy of every company used to prevent the leakage of company’s information and preserve the order within the organization. As usual, privacy policy does not have any negative effect on the employees. Indeed, it makes them more careful and watchful concerning the problem of security and privacy, as privacy at work is a half of success of every organization. Reference List Hatchen, W.A. and Hatchen, H. (2000). The World News Prism: Changing Media of International Communications. Iowa: Iowa State University PressNissenbaum, H. ( 2009) Privacy in Context: Technology, Policy, and the Integrity of Social Life (Stanford Law Books). Stanford: Stanford Law BooksLevmore, S. and Nussbaum, M. ( 2010) The Offensive Internet: Speech, Privacy, and Reputation. New York: Harvard University PressSoong J., (2010) When Technology Addiction Takes Over Your Life. Boston: Wiley